In social insects, newly emerged individuals learn the colony-specific chemical label from their natal comb shortly after their emergence. These labels help to identify each individual's colony of origin and are used as a recognition template against which individuals can discriminate nestmates from non-nestmates. Our previous studies with Polybia paulista von Ihering support this general pattern, and the acceptance rate of young female and male wasps decreased as a function of their age. Our study also showed in P. paulista that more than 90% of newly emerged female wasps might be accepted by conspecific unrelated colonies. However, it has not been investigated whether the acceptance rate of newly emerged female wasps depends on colony developmental stage of recipient colonies. We introduced newly emerged female wasps of P. paulista into different colony developmental stags of recipient colonies, i.e., worker-producing and male-producing colonies. We found that the acceptance rate of newly emerged female wasps by alien colonies was pretty lower by male-producing colonies than worker-producing colonies. This is the first study to show that the acceptance rate of young female wasps depends on stages of recipient colonies.

Polybia scutellaris (White) builds large nests characterized by numerous spiny projections on the surface. In order to determine whether or not the nest temperature is maintained because of homeothermic conditions of the nest individuals or otherwise, we investigated the thermal conditions within the nests built by P. scutellaris. We measured the temperature within active and abandoned nests. The temperature in the active nest was almost stable at 27°C during data collection, whereas the temperature in the abandoned nest varied with changes in ambient temperature. These results suggest that nest temperature was maintained by the thermogenesis of the individuals of the colony. This is the first report of nest incubation caused by thermogenesis of species of Polybia wasps.

Morphometric studies performed in several species of Neotropical social wasps from the tribe Epiponini showed that in some species there are marked differences between castes, while other species present highly distinct castes with differences only in ovarian development. This work analyzed females from six colonies of the social wasp Leipomeles dorsata (Fabricius) in which queens (egglayers) and workers showed differences in ovarian development and coloration. We propose that wasps with developed ovaries (egglayers) and coloration similar to those of workers are possibly intermediates that obtained the status of queens in the colony.

Studies of morphological caste syndromes in the tribe Epiponini help us to understand the evolution of social behavior in insects. Few studies have integrated morphological syndromes of various species from the same or distinct genera. We studied morphological differences between castes from three colonies of Pseudopolybia compressa de Saussure, 1854, in order to relate their caste syndrome with those of other species in the genus. We took eight morphometric measures and females were classified in relation to ovarian development and spermathecal contents. Females of Colony 1 (C1) present a higher distinction between castes than females of Colonies 2 and 3 (C2 and C3), and, in general, queens of the three colonies are larger than workers in some measures but smaller in others. In Pseudopolybia Dalla Torre, 1894, shape rather than size is a more important trait in caste divergence.

Vespas sociais são importantes para o estudo da evolução do comportamento social devido suas colônias apresentarem diferentes graus de diferenciação de castas, de morfologicamente similares às altamente conspícuas, associadas com a presença de fêmeas intermediárias, as quais desenvolvem seus ovários, mas não estando inseminadas. Nos Polistinae, tais diferenciações podem ser discretas ou conspícuas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as diferenças morfológicas e fisiológicas entre as castas de Protopolybia chartergoides pelo uso de análises morfométricas associada com análises estatísticas multivariadas e avaliações fisiológicas do desenvolvimento ovariano das fêmeas. Os resultados mostraram baixa diferenciação morfológica e fisiológica entre as castas de P. chartergoides, indicando a presença de três grupos de fêmeas: rainhas, operárias e intermediárias. Assim, foi possível sugerir que Protopolybia chartergoides apresenta diferenciação de casta pós-imaginal (ou uma forma muito sutil de determinação pré-imaginal).

Social wasps are important for the study of social behavior evolution because their colonies present different degrees of caste differentiation, from morphologically similar to highly conspicuous, associated with the occasional presence of intermediate females, which bears developed ovaries but no insemination. In the Polistinae, depending on the taxon, such differentiation can be discreet or conspicuous. This work intended to study morphological and physiological differences between castes in Protopolybia chartergoides by using morphometric analyses associated with multivariate statistical analyses and physiological evaluations from females' ovarian development. Results evidence low morphological and physiological differences among the castes in P. chartergoides, indicating three groups of females: queens, workers and intermediates. In this way, it was possible to suggest that Protopolybia chartergoides presents post-imaginal caste differentiation (or a very subtle form of pre-imaginal determination).

Os Epiponini, vespas sociais neotropicais, são um grupo de insetos sociais com sociedades poligínicas, construtoras de ninhos complexos. O dimorfismo das castas varia de incipiente até altamente distinto. Análises morfométricas de nove partes corporais, estágio de desenvolvimento ovariano, idade relativa e desenvolvimento da glândula do quinto esternito do gáster (glândula de Richards) de Polybia bistriata (Fabricius) foram utilizados para calcular o nível de diferenciação das castas de nove colônias. Dados morfológicos e fisiológicos foram usados em análises multivariadas para avaliar o nível de discriminação entre fêmeas inseminadas e não-inseminadas. Foram encontradas diferenças fisiológicas claras: rainhas tinham ovários altamente desenvolvidos e inseminados, e as operárias não estavam inseminadas e tinham ovários não desenvolvidos ou uns poucos oócitos desenvolvidos (em duas colônias). ANOVA e análise da função discriminante detectaram diferenças significantes entre as castas. Considerou-se, pelos dados obtidos, que as colônias estavam nas seguintes fases em relação ao ciclo colonial: uma em pré-emergência, quatro em produção de operárias ;.e quatro em produção de sexuados. Análises das glândulas de Richards indicaram o seu menor desenvolvimento em rainhas de colônias pequenas (< 100 fêmeas) do que aquelas de colônias médias (100-200 fêmeas), e grandes (> 200 fêmeas). Considerando-se todos os dados, é possível concluir que as diferenças entre as castas são pequenas, mas evidentes em algumas fases do ciclo colonial, um fenômeno previamente descrito para outros epiponíneos.

Neotropical swarm-founding wasps, the Epiponini, are an outstanding group of social insects whose societies are polygynic and complex nest builders. Caste dimorphism in these wasps ranges from incipient to highly distinct. Morphometric analyses of nine body parts, ovarian status, relative age and development of the 5th gastral sternite gland (Richards´ gland) of Polybia bistriata Fabricius were undertaken in order to estimate caste differentiation in nine colonies. Morphological and physiological data were used in multivariate analyses in order to evaluate the level of discrimination between inseminated and non-inseminated females. Clear physiological differences were found: queens had highly developed ovaries and they were inseminated, and workers had totally undeveloped ovaries or they had few developed oocytes (only in two colonies), but in both cases insemination was not detected. ANOVA and discriminant function analysis detected slight, but significant differences between castes. In relation to colony cycle, colonies were considered to be in the following stages: one in pre-emergence, four in worker production and four in sexuals production. Richards´ gland analyses indicated that in small colonies (<100 females) queens had a less developed gland than in medium (100-200 females), and large colonies (>200 females). Taking the whole data, it was possible to conclude that caste differences were slight, but more evident in some phases of the colony cycle, a phenomenon previously described for other epiponines.

Os machos das duas espécies de vespas sociais do gênero Nectarinella Bequaert, N. xavantinensis Mateus & Noll e N. championi (Dover), são descritos e suas genitálias ilustradas. São feitas comparações com espécies de gêneros estreitamente relacionados, Chartergellus, Leipomeles, Marimbonda, Parachartergus e Pseudopolybia.

The males of both species of the paper wasp genus Nectarinella Bequaert, N. xavantinensis Mateus & Noll and N. championi (Dover), are described, and the genitalia illustrated. These are compared to species in the closely related genera Chartergellus, Leipomeles, Marimbonda, Parachartergus and Pseudopolybia.